Turabian author-date (or Reference list) style, Citing and referencing tutorial, Monash University Library

This style has an in-text reference to the source with the authors' names and year of publication (and page no. if necessary) placed in brackets, eg (Smith, 2007, 12-13). If the author's name is referred to in the sentence, the year of publication is sufficient, for example, 'Smith says that... (2007).'

A reference list at the end of the document includes all sources referred to in the text, with the full details of the source. The sources are listed alphabetically by author, and then by date if an author has more than one work. The title is used if there is no author. Personal communication, dictionaries, encyclopedia entries, and artworks need not be included in this list.

Multiple authors or editors

If a source has multiple authors or editors, list all names (up to three) in the in-text citation. For four or more names, list the first name with 'et al.' for example (Smith et al. 2004, 114-115). List all names in the reference list, regardless of how many there are. List the surname first for the first author or editor, but first name first for the other names.

Capitalisation

Use sentence style for most titles. Use headline style for the titles of journals, newspapers and artworks.

Sentence style = capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title and sub-title and any proper nouns thereafter

Headline style = capitalise all words of the title except articles (unless they are the first or last word of the title or sub-title)

Examples

Information for books should be taken from the title page and the versa page (inside the front cover). Use the author or editor name as it is written; only use initials if the author has used initials in the publication. The edition is only noted if the source is not the first edition.

Book (by author/s)

Example: in text:
(Barnet 2005, 30)

(Fraser and Banks 2004, 83)

Reference list:
Barnet, Sylvan. 2005. A short guide to writing about art. 8th ed. New York: Pearson Longman.

Fraser, Tom and Adam Banks. 2004. The complete guide to colour. East Sussex: Ilex.

Book (by editor)

Example: in text:
(Hung and Magliaro 2007, 10-12).

Reference list:
Hung, Shu and Joseph Magliaro, eds. 2007. By hand: The use of craft in contemporary art. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Chapter in an edited book

Example: in text:
(Guilbaut 2007, 29-50)

Reference list:
Guilbaut, Serge. 2007. Disdain for the stain: Abstract expressionism and tachisme. In Abstract expressionism: The international context, ed. Joan Marter, 29-50. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Art exhibition catalogue

Cite an art exhibition catalogue as you would a book. In your reference list, include the name and location(s) of the exhibition following the publication data.

Example: in text:
(Mathieu, Nonne and Gott 2004)

Reference list:
Mathieu, Caroline, Monique Nonne, and Ted Gott. 2004. The impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee D'Orsay. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria. Published in conjunction with the exhibition "The Impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee D'Orsay" shown at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne 17 June to 26 September 2004.

Journal article (print)

Example: in text:
(Sohm 2002, 453)

(Truettner 2007, 109-111)

Reference list:
Sohm, Phillip. 2002. Caravaggio's deaths. Art Bulletin 84, no. 3: 449-468.

Truettner, William H. 2007. Looking at art with Lane Faison (1907-2006). American Art 21, no. 2 (Summer): 109-111.

Newspaper article

Omit page numbers because a newspaper may have several editions in which items may appear on different pages or may even be dropped. For an unsigned article, use the name of the newspaper in place of the author.

Example: in text:
(Usher 2007)

(The Age 2008)

Reference list:
Usher, Robin. 2007. Wind beneath wings. The Age November 30.

The Age. 2008. Comment and Debate. May 27

One source quoted in another

If one source includes a useful quotation from another source, readers expect you to obtain the original to verify not only that the quotation is accurate, but also that it fairly represents what the original meant. If the original source is unavailable, cite it as "quoted in" the secondary source in your reference list. In the in-text citation give only the name of the original author.

Example: in text:
(Zukofsky 1931, 269)

Reference list:
Zukofsky,Louis.1931. Sincerity and objectification. Poetry 37 (February): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Artwork as a primary source, where no image is provided in your text

Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs and other artworks only in in-text citations. You generally don't need to include these sources in your reference list unless specific items are critical to your argument or frequently cited. Include the name of the artist, the title of the artwork and date of its creation (preceded by ca. [circa] if approximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location. Italicise the titles of paintings and sculptures, but set the titles of photographs in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. Separate the elements with commas.

Use this pattern for print advertisements, cartoons, and maps, giving as much information as possible. Give the titles in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks (as for photographs), and identify the type of graphic if it is unclear from the title.

Instead of using an in-text citation, you can sometimes cite artworks by weaving the elements into your text. For example, "Picasso demonstrated this technique in The Weeping Woman (1937, National Gallery of Victoria)"

Example: in text:
(Pablo Picasso, Weeping Woman, 1937, National Gallery of Victoria)

(Bill Brandt, "East End Girl, Dancing the Lambeth Walk," 1938, National Gallery of Australia)

(K. W. Doggett Fine Paper, "Envirocare 100% Recycled: A Responsible Paper Choice," advertisement, Australian Creative, September 2007, 49)

Reference list:
Do not include in the reference list.

Artwork where a photocopy of the image is provided in your text

Images should be referred to as figures and numbered successively. Figures require captions which include the name of the artist, title of the artwork, date of creation, medium, measurements, date of completion and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location.

Example: Caption:
Figure 1
Jackson Pollock, Naked Man With Knife, ca. 1938-41, oil on canvas, 127 x 91.4 cm, Tate Gallery, London.

In text:
First reference (Jackson Pollock, Naked Man With Knife, ca 1938-41, Tate Gallery London. Fig 1)
Subsequent references (Pollock, Naked Man With Knife. Fig. 1)

Reference list:
Do not include in the reference list.

Artwork from a book

If you viewed the artwork in a book, list the book in your reference list. In the in-text citation give the name of the artist, title of the artwork, date of creation and then the author-date citation in place of the institutional name and location.

Example: in text:
(Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa (La Giaconda), ca 1503-5, in Laclotte 1979, 31)

Reference list:
Laclotte, Michel. 1979. Favorite old master paintings from the Louvre Museum, Paris. New York: Abbeyville.

Artwork from online exhibition

Example: in text:
(Martin Puryear, Ladder for Booker T. Washington, 1996 in MOMA online exhibition, 2007)

Reference list:
Puryear, Martin. 1996. Ladder for Booker T. Washington. The Museum of Modern Art 2007 Exhibitions website, http://moma.org/exhibitions/exhibitions.php?id=3961 (accessed December 4, 2007).

Non-print sources: Videorecordings

Citations of videorecordings generally follow the pattern for books, with the addition of the medium (VHS, DVD). Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or by number. If there is no author, use the title in place of the author in your reference list. For in-text citations, use a shortened title.

Example: in text:
(Crop duster attack 1959)

(Maya Lin 2003)

Reference list:
Crop duster attack.1959. In North by Northwest. DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video.

Maya Lin: A strong clear vision. 2003. DVD. Directed by Frieda Lee Mock. New York: New Video.

Non-print sources: CD-ROM or DVD-ROM

If there is no author, use the title in place of the author in your reference list. For in-text citations, use a shortened title.

Example: in text:
(Total Textures 2005)

Reference list:
Total textures 5: Dirt and graffiti. 2005. CD-ROM. Worchester, UK: 3DTotal.com.

Electronic book

For online books, follow the guidelines for print books. In addition, include the URL and the date you accessed the material, in your reference list.

Example: in text:
(Craik 1994)

Reference list:
Craik, Jennifer. The face of fashion: Cultural studies in fashion. London: Taylor & Francis. http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/ (accessed July 3 2006).

Online journal article

Follow the guidelines for articles in print journals. In addition, include the URL and date you accessed the material, in your reference list.

Example: in text:
(Loxley 2004, 127-8)

Reference list:
Loxley, Anne. 2004. Tracey Moffatt. Modern Painters 17, no. 1 (Spring): 127-8. http://web5.silverplatter.com/webspirs/start.ws?customer=c167477 (accessed July 4 2006).

Website

Include as much information about the website as is available (author, title, owner of the site, URL, access date). To cite a web site without a formal publication date, give the name of the author or site owner

Example: in text:
(National Gallery of Victoria)

(Powerhouse Museum)

Reference list:
National Gallery of Victoria. National Gallery of Victoria. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

Powerhouse Museum. "Hedda Morrison Photographic Collection." Powerhouse Museum. http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/heddamorrison/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

Online exhibition (same as website)

Example: in text:
(National Library of Australia)

Reference list:
National Library of Australia, "The Flower hunter: Ellis Rowan", National Library of Australia, http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/ellisrowan/home.html (accessed June 30, 2008).